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diff --git a/_site/projects/bumblebee/bee.mp4 b/_site/projects/bumblebee/bee.mp4 Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 835600d..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/bumblebee/bee.mp4 +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/bumblebee/index.html b/_site/projects/bumblebee/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index a07dd5f..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/bumblebee/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,103 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <title>Bumblebee: browser automation</title> - - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> - <title>Bumblebee: browser automation</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> -</head> - - - - </head> - <body> - - <div id="nav-container" class="container"> - <ul id="navlist" class="left"> - - <li > - <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/blog/" class="link-decor-none">blg</a> - </li> - <li class="active"> - <a href="/projects/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> - </li> - <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> - </ul> -</div> - - - - <main> - <div class="container"> - <div class="container-2"> - <h2 class="center" id="title">BUMBLEBEE: BROWSER AUTOMATION</h2> - <h6 class="center">02 APRIL 2025</h5> - <br> - <div class="twocol justify"><p>Bumblebee is a tool I built for one of my employers to automate the generation -of web scraping scripts.</p> - -<video style="max-width:100%; margin-bottom: 10px" controls="" poster="poster.png"> - <source src="bee.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> -</video> - -<p>In 2024, we were tasked with collecting market data using various methods, -including scraping data from authorized websites for traders’ use.</p> - -<p>Manual authoring of such scripts took time. The scripts were often brittle due -to the complexity of the modern web, and they lacked optimizations such as -bypassing the UI and retrieving the data files directly when possible, which -would have significantly reduced our compute costs.</p> - -<p>To alleviate these challenges, I, with the help of a colleague, Andy Zhang, -built Bumblebee: a web browser powered by C# Windows Forms, Microsoft Edge <a src="https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/webview2" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WebView2</a>, and -the <a src="https://github.com/desjarlais/Scintilla.NET" class="external" toarget="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scintilla.NET</a> text editor.</p> - -<p>Bumblebee works by injecting a custom JavaScript program that intercepts -client-side events and sends them to Bumblebee for analysis. In addition to -front-end events, Bumblebee also captures internal browser events, which it -then interprets to generate code in real time. Note that we developed Bumblebee -before the advent of now-popular LLMs. Bumblebee supports dynamic websites, -pop-ups, developer tools, live manual override, event debouncing, and filtering -hidden elements and scripts.</p> - -<p>Before settling on a desktop application, we contemplated designing Bumblebee -as a browser extension. We chose the desktop app because extensions don’t offer -the deep, event-based control we needed. Besides, the company’s security -policy, which prohibited browser extensions, would have complicated the -deployment of an extension-based solution. My first prototype used a C# binding -of the Chromium project. WebView’s more intuitive API and its seamless -integration with Windows Forms led us to choose it over the Chromium wrapper.</p> - -<p>What began as a personal side project to improve my own workflow enabled us to -collectively improve the quality of our web scripts at a much larger scale. -Bumblebee predictably reduced the time we spent on authoring scripts from hours -to a few minutes.</p> - -</div> - <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> - </div> - </div> - </main> - - <div class="footer"> - <div class="container"> - <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> - <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - - - </body> -</html> diff --git a/_site/projects/bumblebee/poster.png b/_site/projects/bumblebee/poster.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6dc955e..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/bumblebee/poster.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/bumblebee/thumb_sm.png b/_site/projects/bumblebee/thumb_sm.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f7cfbf3..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/bumblebee/thumb_sm.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/e-reader/circuit.svg b/_site/projects/e-reader/circuit.svg deleted file mode 100644 index fd7508b..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/e-reader/circuit.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,145 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> -<!-- Generator: Circuit Diagram, cdlibrary.dll 4.0.0.0 --> -<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> -<svg version="1.1" width="680" height="360" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> - 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_site/projects/e-reader/ereader.mp4 b/_site/projects/e-reader/ereader.mp4 Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 89e05eb..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/e-reader/ereader.mp4 +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/e-reader/index.html b/_site/projects/e-reader/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index fb48a9d..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/e-reader/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,148 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <title>Experimental e-reader</title> - - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> - <title>Experimental e-reader</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> -</head> - - - - </head> - <body> - - <div id="nav-container" class="container"> - <ul id="navlist" class="left"> - - <li > - <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/blog/" class="link-decor-none">blg</a> - </li> - <li class="active"> - <a href="/projects/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> - </li> - <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> - </ul> -</div> - - - - <main> - <div class="container"> - <div class="container-2"> - <h2 class="center" id="title">EXPERIMENTAL E-READER</h2> - <h6 class="center">24 OCTOBER 2023</h5> - <br> - <div class="twocol justify"><p>This project features an experimental e-reader powered by an ESP-WROOM-32 -development board and a 7.5-inch <a href="https://www.waveshare.com/" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Waveshare</a> -e-paper display built with the intention of learning about e-paper displays.</p> - -<video style="max-width:100%;" controls="" poster="poster.png"> - <source src="ereader.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> -</video> - -<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2> - -<p>The prototype e-reader comprises an ESP32 microcontroller, an e-paper display -HAT, and three buttons: yellow, blue, and white for turning the page backwards, -forwards, and putting the device to sleep, respectively. The prototype does not -store books on the microcontroller. It streams books from a server over HTTP. -The e-reader employs RTC memory to record the reading progress between -sessions.</p> - -<p>The most formidable challenge when trying to build an e-reader with an ESP32 is -its limited memory and storage. My ESP-WROOM-32 has a total of 512KB of SRAM -and 4MB of flash memory, which the freeRTOS, ESP-IDF, and the e-reader -application must share. To put things into perspective, a Kindle Paperwhite has -at least 256MB of memory and 8GB of storage. That is 500x more memory than what -I’d have to work with.</p> - -<p>Despite its size, as microcontrollers go, ESP32 is a powerful system-on-a-chip -with a 160MHz dual-core processor and integrated WiFi. So, I thought it’d be -amusing to embrace the constraints and build my e-reader using a $5 MCU and the -power of C programming.</p> - -<h2 id="the-file-format">The file format</h2> - -<p>The file format dictates the complexity of the embedded software. So, I’ll -begin there. The e-reader works by downloading and rendering a rasterized -monochrome image of a page (a .ebm file).</p> - -<p>The EBM file contains a series of bitmaps, one for each page of the book. The -dimensions of each bitmap are equal to the size of the display. Each byte of -the bitmap encodes information for rendering eight pixels. For my display, -which has a resolution of 480x800, the bitmaps are laid out along 48KB -boundaries. This simple file format lends well to HTTP streaming, which is its -main advantage, as we will soon see.</p> - -<p>The pdftoebm.py script enclosed in the tarball at the end of the page converts -PDF documents to EBM files.</p> - -<h2 id="how-does-it-work">How does it work?</h2> - -<p>As the e-reader has no storage, it can’t store books locally. Instead, it -downloads pages of the EBM file over HTTP from the location pointed to by the -<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">EBM_ARCH_URL</code> setting in the Kconfig.projbuild file on demand. To read a -different book, we have to replace the old file with the new one or change the -<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">EBM_ARCH_URL</code> value. The latter requires us to recompile the embedded -software.</p> - -<p>Upon powering up, the e-reader checks the reading progress stored in the RTC -memory. It then downloads three pages (current, previous, and next) to a -circular buffer in DMA-capable memory. When the user turns a page by pressing a -button, one of the microprocessor’s two cores transfers it from the buffer to -the display over a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). The other downloads a new -page in the background. I used the ESP-IDF task API to schedule the two tasks -on different cores of the multicore processor to make the reader more -responsive.</p> - -<p>I designed the EBM format with HTTP streaming in mind. Since the pages are laid -out in the EBM file along predictable boundaries, the e-reader can request -pages by specifying the offset and the chunk size in the HTTP Range header. Any -web server will process this request without custom logic.</p> - -<h2 id="epilogue">Epilogue</h2> - -<p>My fascination with e-paper began back in 2017, when I was tasked with -installing a few displays in a car park. Having no idea how they worked, I -remember watching the languid screens refresh like a Muggle witnessing magic. -This project was born out of that enduring curiosity and love of e-paper -technology.</p> - -<p>Why did I go to the trouble of building a rudimentary e-reader when I could -easily buy a more capable commercial e-reader? First of all, it’s to prove to -myself that I can. More importantly, there’s a quiet satisfaction to reading on -hardware you built yourself. You are no longer the powerless observer watching -the magic happen from the sidelines. You become the wizard who makes the -invisible particles swirl into form by whispering C to them. There’s only one -way to experience that.</p> - -<p>Files: <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a></p> -</div> - <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> - </div> - </div> - </main> - - <div class="footer"> - <div class="container"> - <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> - <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - - - </body> -</html> diff --git a/_site/projects/e-reader/poster.png b/_site/projects/e-reader/poster.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1e222d2..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/e-reader/poster.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/e-reader/source.tar.gz b/_site/projects/e-reader/source.tar.gz Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3e343a7..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/e-reader/source.tar.gz +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/e-reader/thumb_sm.png b/_site/projects/e-reader/thumb_sm.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7c971e8..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/e-reader/thumb_sm.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/etlas/circuit.svg b/_site/projects/etlas/circuit.svg deleted file mode 100644 index 6255045..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/etlas/circuit.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> -<!-- Generator: Circuit Diagram, cdlibrary.dll 4.0.0.0 --> -<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> -<svg version="1.1" width="700" height="300" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> - 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_site/projects/etlas/dash.jpg b/_site/projects/etlas/dash.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cf4efc6..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/etlas/dash.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/etlas/etlas_arch.png b/_site/projects/etlas/etlas_arch.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 241e9f1..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/etlas/etlas_arch.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/etlas/index.html b/_site/projects/etlas/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index ae30cb6..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/etlas/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,166 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <title>Etlas: e-paper dashboard</title> - - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> - <title>Etlas: e-paper dashboard</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> -</head> - - - - </head> - <body> - - <div id="nav-container" class="container"> - <ul id="navlist" class="left"> - - <li > - <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/blog/" class="link-decor-none">blg</a> - </li> - <li class="active"> - <a href="/projects/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> - </li> - <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> - </ul> -</div> - - - - <main> - <div class="container"> - <div class="container-2"> - <h2 class="center" id="title">ETLAS: E-PAPER DASHBOARD</h2> - <h6 class="center">05 SEPTEMBER 2024</h5> - <br> - <div class="twocol justify"><p>Etlas is a news, stock market, and weather tracker powered by an ESP32 NodeMCU -D1, featuring a 7.5-inch <a href="https://www.waveshare.com/" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Waveshare</a> e-paper display and a -DHT22 sensor module.</p> - -<table style="border: none;"> - <tr style="border: none;"> - <td style="border: none;"><img src="dash.jpg" alt="front" style="width: 100%" /></td> - <td style="border: none;"><img src="pcb.jpg" alt="back" style="width: 100%" /></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The top-left panel shows two weeks of end-of-day prices—the maximum the ESP32’s -SRAM can hold—from the Polygon.io API. The price feed is relayed through a -FastCGI-wrapped Flask app hosted on a VPS. This lets me configure stock symbols -in its application settings. The app cycles through them as requests come in -from the ESP32. Running the Flask app as a FastCGI process while exposing it -via httpd with htpasswd authentication keeps the server code simple and secure.</p> - -<p>The following diagram outlines the Etlas’s overall system architecture.</p> - -<p><img src="etlas_arch.png" alt="architecture" /></p> - -<p>The more prominent panel on the right of the display shows local and world news -from Channel NewsAsia. The MCU downloads and parses XML data from the RSS feed -directly before rendering it to the display. The character glyphs used are -stored as bitmaps in the sprites directory. I skipped the proxy for news to -avoid writing more server code, but in hindsight it limits the feeds Etlas can -handle. I will fix this in a future version.</p> - -<p>The middle and bottom right panels display the temperature and relative -humidity from the DHT22 sensor. The DHT22 uses pulse-width modulation to -transmit data to the host. The 26µs, 50µs, and 70µs pulses are too fast for the -ESP32 to measure reliably with standard APIs. Instead, the driver compares -relative pulse widths to differentiate zeros from ones:</p> - -<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>static inline int dht_await_pin_state(int state, int timeout) -{ - int t; - static const uint16_t delta = 1; - - for (t = 0; t < timeout; t += delta) { - ets_delay_us(delta); - if (gpio_get_level(DHT_PIN) == state) - return t; - } - return 0; -} - -static inline int dht_get_raw_data(unsigned char buf[DHT_DATA_LEN]) -{ - int rc; - unsigned char i, pwl, pwh; - - gpio_set_level(DHT_PIN, 0); - ets_delay_us(1100); - gpio_set_level(DHT_PIN, 1); - - if (!dht_await_pin_state(0, 40)) { - rc = 1; - xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); - return 0; - } - if (!dht_await_pin_state(1, 80)) { - rc = 2; - xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); - return 0; - } - if (!dht_await_pin_state(0, 80)) { - rc = 3; - xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); - return 0; - } - - for (i = 0; i < DHT_DATA_LEN; i++) { - if (!(pwl = dht_await_pin_state(1, 50))) { - rc = 4; - xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); - return 0; - } - if (!(pwh = dht_await_pin_state(0, 70))) { - rc = 5; - xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); - return 0; - } - buf[i] = pwh > pwl; - } - return 1; -} -</code></pre></div></div> - -<p>I ported <a href="https://github.com/Fonger/ESP8266-RTOS-DHT" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this</a> implementation from ESP8266 -to ESP32—all credit for the algorithm belongs to them.</p> - -<p>Etlas is a networked embedded system. All acquisition, processing, and -rendering of data are performed on the ESP32’s 160MHz microprocessor using less -than 512KB of SRAM. The embedded software that makes this possible is written -in C using ESP-IDF v5.2.1. The e-paper display driver is derived from Waveshare -<a href="https://github.com/waveshareteam/e-Paper" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">examples</a> for Arduino and STM32 -platforms.</p> - -<p>Etlas has been running reliably for over a year since August 2024.</p> - -<p>Files: <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a></p> -</div> - <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> - </div> - </div> - </main> - - <div class="footer"> - <div class="container"> - <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> - <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - - - </body> -</html> diff --git a/_site/projects/etlas/pcb.jpg b/_site/projects/etlas/pcb.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fcb40fa..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/etlas/pcb.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/etlas/schematic.svg b/_site/projects/etlas/schematic.svg deleted file mode 100644 index 3070dd1..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/etlas/schematic.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> -<!-- Do not edit this file with editors other than diagrams.net --> -<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> -<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" width="741px" 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_site/projects/etlas/source.tar.gz b/_site/projects/etlas/source.tar.gz Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8b12cf6..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/etlas/source.tar.gz +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/etlas/thumb_sm.jpg b/_site/projects/etlas/thumb_sm.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a374879..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/etlas/thumb_sm.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/breadboard.jpg b/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/breadboard.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2bf47a9..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/breadboard.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/footprint.png b/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/footprint.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5511bf1..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/footprint.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/gerber.zip b/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/gerber.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 19a9d19..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/gerber.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/index.html b/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 6256026..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,168 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <title>Fingerprint door lock</title> - - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> - <title>Fingerprint door lock</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> -</head> - - - - </head> - <body> - - <div id="nav-container" class="container"> - <ul id="navlist" class="left"> - - <li > - <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/blog/" class="link-decor-none">blg</a> - </li> - <li class="active"> - <a href="/projects/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> - </li> - <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> - </ul> -</div> - - - - <main> - <div class="container"> - <div class="container-2"> - <h2 class="center" id="title">FINGERPRINT DOOR LOCK</h2> - <h6 class="center">03 OCTOBER 2025</h5> - <br> - <div class="twocol justify"><p>This project features a fingerprint door lock powered by an ATmega328P -microcontroller.</p> - -<video style="max-width:100%;" controls="" poster="pcb.jpg"> - <source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> -</video> - -<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> - -<p>The lock comprises three subsystems: the ATmega328P microcontroller, an R503 -fingerprint sensor, and an FS5106B high-torque servo. The sensor mounted on the -front surface of the door enables users to unlock it from the outside. The -servo is attached to the interior door knob. The MCU must be installed at the -back of the door to prevent unauthorized users from tampering with it.</p> - -<p>When no one is interacting with the lock, the MCU is in deep sleep. The sensor -and the servo each draw 13.8mA and 4.6mA of quiescent currents. To prevent this -idle current draw, the MCU employs MOSFETs to cut off power to them before -entering deep sleep. Doing so is crucial for conserving the battery.</p> - -<p>Without power, the sensor remains in a low-power state, drawing approximately -2.9μA through a separate power rail. When a finger comes into contact with the -sensor, the sensor triggers a pin change interrupt, waking up the MCU. The MCU -activates a MOSFET, which in turn activates the sensor. Over UART, the MCU -unlocks the sensor and issues commands to scan and match the fingerprint.</p> - -<p>If the fingerprint matches an enrolled fingerprint, the MCU activates the blue -LED on the sensor, turns on the MOSFET connected to the servo, and sends a PWM -signal to the servo to unlock the door. Otherwise, the MCU activates the red -LED on the sensor. Finally, the MCU deactivates the MOSFETS and goes back to -sleep.</p> - -<h2 id="embedded-software">Embedded software</h2> - -<p>The embedded software, written in C, includes a driver for the sensor, servo -control routines, and a battery monitoring system.</p> - -<p>In addition to controlling the sensor and the servo, the program strives to -maintain precise control over the microcontroller’s sleep modes, as well as -when the peripherals are activated and for how long they remain active. I -thoroughly enjoyed writing the embedded software. There’s something magical -about being able to alter the physical world around you by uttering a few lines -of C code.</p> - -<p>The source code of the project, which includes a driver for the R503 -fingerprint sensor module, is enclosed in the tarball linked at the end of the -page.</p> - -<h2 id="the-pcb">The PCB</h2> - -<p>For this project, I designed a custom PCB and had it fabricated by JLCPCB. Like -the software, the circuit is primarily concerned with optimizing power -consumption and extending battery life.</p> - -<table style="border: none; width: 100%"> - <tr style="border: none;"> - <td style="border: none; width: 49.9%; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"> - <img src="breadboard.jpg" alt="PCB" style="width: 100%" /> - </td> - <td style="border: none; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"> - <img src="pcb1.jpg" alt="Design" style="width: 100%" /> - </td> - </tr> - <tr style="border: none;"> - <td colspan="2" style="border: none; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"> - <img src="footprint.png" alt="PCB footprint" style="width: 100%" /> - </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Consequently, the principal components of the circuit are the 2N7000 and -NDP6020P field-effect transistors. They switch power electronically to the -servo and the fingerprint sensor, the two most power-hungry parts of the -circuit. The two MP1584EN buck converters play an axial role in efficiently -regulating power to the MCU and the sensor.</p> - -<p>The ATmega328P typically operates at 5V with a 16MHz crystal oscillator. To -further reduce power consumption, I modified the ATmega328P’s fuses to run at -3.3V with an 8MHz crystal oscillator.</p> - -<p>The bottom right area of the PCB isolates the power supply of the servo from -the rest of the circuit. This shields components such as the MCU from the -servo’s high current draw, which can exceed 1A. The IN4007 diode in slot U2 -serves as a flyback diode, protecting the MOSFET from reverse currents -generated by the servo.</p> - -<p>Lastly, the 56kΩ and 10kΩ resistors in slots R10 and R11 form a voltage divider -circuit. Its output is fed to the ADC of the MCU, which measures the supply -voltage by comparing it to the internal bandgap reference voltage.</p> - -<h2 id="epilogue">Epilogue</h2> - -<p>This project began nearly a year ago when I attempted to unlock our door -wirelessly by writing to the UART ports of two MCUs connected to inexpensive -433MHz RF transceivers. Although I failed, it led me down a rabbit hole of RF -communications, MOSFETs, PCB design, and low-power circuits.</p> - -<p>During the project, I reinvented the wheel many times. I implemented a -low-level network stack using only RF modules and an 8-bit microcontroller, -designed my first PCB, and developed drivers from scratch. The project was far -from a smooth sail. Bad electrical connections, soldering, desoldering, and the -heartache of purchasing the wrong parts were routine. It was a long but -rewarding journey from the messy breadboard to the shiny PCB.</p> - -<p>Files: <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a>, <a href="gerber.zip">gerber.zip</a></p> -</div> - <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> - </div> - </div> - </main> - - <div class="footer"> - <div class="container"> - <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> - <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - - - </body> -</html> diff --git a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/pcb.jpg b/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/pcb.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fbd800b..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/pcb.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/pcb1.jpg b/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/pcb1.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 367187d..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/pcb1.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/source.tar.gz b/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/source.tar.gz Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ef23422..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/source.tar.gz +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/thumb_sm.jpg b/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/thumb_sm.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a8fa534..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/thumb_sm.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/video.mp4 b/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/video.mp4 Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a907a9b..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/fpm-door-lock/video.mp4 +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/index.html b/_site/projects/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index f036081..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,120 +0,0 @@ -<!doctype html> -<html lang="en-us"> - - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> - <title>Projects</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> -</head> - - - - <body> - - <div id="nav-container" class="container"> - <ul id="navlist" class="left"> - - <li > - <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/blog/" class="link-decor-none">blg</a> - </li> - <li class="active"> - <a href="/projects/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> - </li> - <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> - </ul> -</div> - - - - <main class="container" id="main"><div class="container"> - <h2>Projects</h2> - <table> - - - - <tr> - - - <td class="project-item"> - - <a href="e-reader" class="link-decor-none"> - <img src="e-reader/thumb_sm.png" alt="Experimental e-reader"> - <h5>Experimental e-reader</h5> - </a> - </td> - - <td class="project-item"> - - <a href="matrix-digital-rain" class="link-decor-none"> - <img src="matrix-digital-rain/thumb_sm.png" alt="The Matrix digital rain"> - <h5>The Matrix digital rain</h5> - </a> - </td> - - </tr> - - <tr> - - - <td class="project-item"> - - <a href="etlas" class="link-decor-none"> - <img src="etlas/thumb_sm.jpg" alt="Etlas: e-paper dashboard"> - <h5>Etlas: e-paper dashboard</h5> - </a> - </td> - - <td class="project-item"> - - <a href="bumblebee" class="link-decor-none"> - <img src="bumblebee/thumb_sm.png" alt="Bumblebee: browser automation"> - <h5>Bumblebee: browser automation</h5> - </a> - </td> - - </tr> - - <tr> - - - <td class="project-item"> - - <a href="my-first-pcb" class="link-decor-none"> - <img src="my-first-pcb/thumb_sm.jpeg" alt="My first PCB"> - <h5>My first PCB</h5> - </a> - </td> - - <td class="project-item"> - - <a href="fpm-door-lock" class="link-decor-none"> - <img src="fpm-door-lock/thumb_sm.jpg" alt="Fingerprint door lock"> - <h5>Fingerprint door lock</h5> - </a> - </td> - - </tr> - - </table> -</div> -</main> - - <div class="footer"> - <div class="container"> - <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> - <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - - - </body> -</html> diff --git a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/index.html b/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 5218c10..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,148 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <title>The Matrix digital rain</title> - - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> - <title>The Matrix digital rain</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> -</head> - - - - </head> - <body> - - <div id="nav-container" class="container"> - <ul id="navlist" class="left"> - - <li > - <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/blog/" class="link-decor-none">blg</a> - </li> - <li class="active"> - <a href="/projects/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> - </li> - <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> - </ul> -</div> - - - - <main> - <div class="container"> - <div class="container-2"> - <h2 class="center" id="title">THE MATRIX DIGITAL RAIN</h2> - <h6 class="center">12 JANUARY 2024</h5> - <br> - <div class="twocol justify"><p>“All I see is blonde, brunette, red head.” The iconic digital rain from The -Matrix in C, with zero dependencies—not even ncurses.</p> - -<video style="max-width:100%;" controls="" poster="poster.png"> - <source src="matrix.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> -</video> - -<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> - -<p>This is my fork of Domsson’s beautiful <a href="https://github.com/domsson/fakesteak" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fakesteak</a>. While going through his code, I -wondered what it would take to faithfully recreate the original Matrix from the -first movie without sacrificing its minimalism.</p> - -<p>My implementation supports:</p> - -<ul> - <li>Unicode characters.</li> - <li>24-bit RGB colors (truecolor).</li> - <li>Glitches in the matrix.</li> - <li>Ghosting effect of old monochrome CRT displays.</li> - <li>Closely resembles the Matrix seen in the background during Neo and Cypher’s -conversation.</li> -</ul> - -<p>With no dependencies, compilation is trivial:</p> - -<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>$ cc -O3 main.c -o matrix -$ ./matrix -</code></pre></div></div> - -<h2 id="how-does-it-work">How does it work?</h2> - -<p>The program tracks the state of the terminal, such as code points, background -and foreground colors, and cursor position, using multiple internal data -buffers. On each frame, it updates these buffers and repaints the screen using -ANSI escape codes:</p> - -<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>static void term_print(const matrix *mat, size_t row, size_t col) -{ - size_t idx; - idx = mat_idx(mat, row, col); - wprintf(L"\x1b[%d;%dH\x1b[38;2;%d;%d;%dm%lc", - row, col, - mat->rgb[idx].color[R], - mat->rgb[idx].color[G], - mat->rgb[idx].color[B], - mat->code[idx]); -} -</code></pre></div></div> - -<p>The ghosting effect is achieved by carefully scaling the RGB -channels before mixing them:</p> - -<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>static void mat_shade(matrix *mat, size_t row, size_t col) -{ - unsigned char *color; - color = mat->rgb[mat_idx(mat, row, col)].color; - color[R] = color[R] - (color[R] - COLOR_BG_RED) / 2; - color[G] = color[G] - (color[G] - COLOR_BG_GRN) / 2; - color[B] = color[B] - (color[B] - COLOR_BG_BLU) / 2; -} -</code></pre></div></div> - -<p>The ghosting function emulates the dim after glow by gradually transitioning -each raindrop’s color towards the background color. This approach provides two -key benefits: straightforward color configuration that integrates naturally -with (Unix) ricing and high-fidelity recreation of the Matrix aesthetic.</p> - -<h2 id="customization">Customization</h2> - -<p>While you can alter almost every aspect, including speed, glitch frequency, and -rain density, the most common customizations are the color scheme and character -set.</p> - -<p>There are three color settings: head, tail, and background. You can configure -them using <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">COLOR_*_RED</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">COLOR_*_GRN</code>, and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">COLOR_*_BLU</code> definitions found in -main.c.</p> - -<p>The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">UNICODE_MIN</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">UNICODE_MAX</code> values control the Unicode block used. For -example, setting them to <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0x30A1</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0x30F6</code> rains Katakana, if a font that -supports Katakana is present on the system:</p> - -<p><img style="width: 100%;" src="katakana.png" /></p> - -<p>Files: <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a></p> -</div> - <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> - </div> - </div> - </main> - - <div class="footer"> - <div class="container"> - <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> - <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - - - </body> -</html> diff --git a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/katakana.png b/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/katakana.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b9df873..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/katakana.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/matrix.mp4 b/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/matrix.mp4 Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 84a9839..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/matrix.mp4 +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/poster.png b/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/poster.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0321ad3..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/poster.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/source.tar.gz b/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/source.tar.gz Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fead280..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/source.tar.gz +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/thumb_sm.png b/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/thumb_sm.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d3f06c9..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/matrix-digital-rain/thumb_sm.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/back.jpeg b/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/back.jpeg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f458e69..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/back.jpeg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/back_design.jpeg b/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/back_design.jpeg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b6c0f5d..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/back_design.jpeg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/front.jpeg b/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/front.jpeg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2b2931f..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/front.jpeg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/front_design.jpeg b/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/front_design.jpeg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f81f09c..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/front_design.jpeg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/gerber_back.zip b/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/gerber_back.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 26659ad..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/gerber_back.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/gerber_front.zip b/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/gerber_front.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 864334e..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/gerber_front.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/index.html b/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index 412bfcf..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,120 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <title>My first PCB</title> - - <head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> - <title>My first PCB</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> -</head> - - - - </head> - <body> - - <div id="nav-container" class="container"> - <ul id="navlist" class="left"> - - <li > - <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/blog/" class="link-decor-none">blg</a> - </li> - <li class="active"> - <a href="/projects/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> - </li> - <li > - <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> - </li> - <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> - </ul> -</div> - - - - <main> - <div class="container"> - <div class="container-2"> - <h2 class="center" id="title">MY FIRST PCB</h2> - <h6 class="center">14 JULY 2025</h5> - <br> - <div class="twocol justify"><p>In 2023, I started tinkering with DIY electronics as a hobby. Until now, I’ve -been using development boards like the Arduino Uno and ESP-32-WROOM so that I -can focus on the software. Recently, I decided to step outside of my comfort -zone and design a PCB from scratch for a door lock I’m working on.</p> - -<p>The lock comprises two subsystems: a fingerprint sensor in front of the door -and a servo connected to the physical lock behind the door. The fingerprint -sensor authenticates the person and signals the servo behind the door to unlock -the door over an encrypted RF channel.</p> - -<table style="border: none; width: 100%"> - <tr style="border: none;"> - <td style="border: none; width: 49.5%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> - <img src="front_design.jpeg" alt="Design (front)" style="width: 100%" /> - <p>Footprint (front)</p> - </td> - <td style="border: none; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> - <img src="front.jpeg" alt="PCB (front)" style="width: 100%" /> - <p>PCB (front)</p> - </td> - </tr> - <tr style="border: none;"> - <td style="border: none; width: 49.5%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> - <img src="back_design.jpeg" alt="Design (back)" style="width: 100%" /> - <p>Footprint (back)</p> - </td> - <td style="border: none; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> - <img src="back.jpeg" alt="PCB (back)" style="width: 100%" /> - <p>PCB (back)</p> - </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The PCBs have two layers. A copper region serves as the ground plane. The 0.3mm -wide 1oz/ft<sup>2</sup> copper traces can carry up to 500mA (the tracks -connecting the power source and the linear regulators have a width of 0.5mm). -Both subsystems were functional. I was able to control the servo reliably using -the fingerprint sensor.</p> - -<p>The designs aren’t without flaws, however. The main shortcoming of the circuits -is that they draw significant amounts of quiescent currents despite employing -sleep modes. The linear regulators were a poor choice as they dissipate too -much heat. The fingerprint sensor and the servo draw 13.8mA (3.3V) and 4.6mA -(5V) respectively, as long as they are connected to the power supply.</p> - -<p>Although the circuit didn’t draw more than 200mA without a load, the servo -under load could draw up to 600mA. I’m sailing too close to the wind with 0.3mm -copper traces. Instead, 0.4mm wide 2oz/ft<sup>2</sup> traces would have been -safer.</p> - -<p>I’m working on improving the design to reduce idle current consumption and -extend the battery life. Despite its deficiencies, this was my first PCB -design, and I’m glad that it worked as well as it did. Custom PCB design marks -an important milestone in my DIY electronics journey.</p> - -<p>Files: <a href="gerber_back.zip">gerber_back.zip</a>, <a href="gerber_front.zip">gerber_front.zip</a>, - <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a></p> -</div> - <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> - </div> - </div> - </main> - - <div class="footer"> - <div class="container"> - <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> - <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - - - </body> -</html> diff --git a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/source.tar.gz b/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/source.tar.gz Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c31aa22..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/source.tar.gz +++ /dev/null diff --git a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/thumb_sm.jpeg b/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/thumb_sm.jpeg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c275b12..0000000 --- a/_site/projects/my-first-pcb/thumb_sm.jpeg +++ /dev/null |
