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----
-title: How to configure ATmega328P microcontrollers to run at 3.3V and 5V
-date: 2025-04-10
-layout: post
----
-
-This is a quick reference for wiring up ATmega328P ICs to run at 5V and 3.3V.
-While the 5V configuration is common, the 3.3V configuration can be useful in
-low-power applications and when interfacing with parts that themselves run at
-3.3V. In this guide, the 5V setup is configured with a 16MHz crystal
-oscillator, while the 3.3V configuration makes use of an 8MHz crystal
-oscillator. 
-
-The steps that follow refer to the following pinout.
-
-<table style="border: none; width: 100%;">
-  <tr style="border: none;">
-    <td style="border: none; width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
-      <img src="pinout.png" alt="Pinout" style="width: 100%">
-      <p style="text-align: center;">Pinout</p>
-    </td>
-    <td style="border: none; width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
-      <img src="breadboard.jpeg" alt="Circuit" style="width: 100%">
-      <p style="text-align: center;">Breadboard</p>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-## 5V-16MHz configuration 
-
-Powering ATmega328P microcontrollers with 5V is the most common setup. This is
-also how Arduino Uno boards are wired.
-
-In this configuration, the microcontroller's pin 1 is connected to 5V via a
-10kΩ resistor. Pins 9 and 10 are connected to a 16MHz crystal oscillator via
-two 22pF capacitors connected to ground. The microcontroller is powered by
-connecting pins 7, 20, and 21 to a 5V DC power supply. Lastly, pins 8 and 22
-are connected to ground. In addition to the these connections, which are
-required, it's a good idea to add 0.1μF decoupling capacitors between pins 7,
-20, and 21 and ground. 
-
-[Here's](Makefile) a sample Makefile for compiling C programs for ATmega328P
-microcontrollers using avr-gcc/avrdude toolchain.
-
-## 3.3V-8MHz configuration 
-
-Electrical connections for running an ATmega328P at 3.3V are identical to that
-of the 5V circuit. The only differences are that all the 5V connections are
-replaced with a 3.3V power source and a 8MHz crystal oscillator takes the place
-of the 16MHz crystal.
-
-However, standard ATmega328P chips are preconfigured to run at 5V. To run one
-at 3.3V, we must first modify its fuses that control characteristics like the
-BOD level. If a bootloader that expects a 16MHz clock (e.g., Arduino
-bootloader) is pre-installed on the ATmega328P, it must be swapped with one
-that accepts an 8MHz clock. To accomplish that, we need an in-system programmer
-(ISP). 
-
-Fortunately, we can turn an ordinary Arduino Uno board into an ISP by uploading
-the 'ArduinoISP' sketch found in the Arduino IDE. The ISP communicates with the
-microcontroller using a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). So, connect the SPI
-port of the ATmega328P to that of the Arduino Uno, and the Uno's SS pin
-to the ATmega328P's RESET pin.
-
-Power up the the ATmega328P by connecting its V<sub>CC</sub> to a 5V supply (we
-can use Arduino Uno's 5V pin). From the Arduino IDE, select 'ATmega328P (3.3V,
-8MHz)' for processor from the tools menu. Also from the tools menu, select
-'Arduino as ISP' as programmer. Finally, upload the new bootloader by selecting
-'Burn Bootloader' from the tools menu.
-
-The ATmega328P is now ready to run at 8MHz with a 3.3V power supply. You can
-upload programs to the ATmega328P as you normally would using avrdude.
-[Here's](3v3.Makefile) a sample Makefile with adjusted parameters (e.g., baud
-rate) for an 8MHz clock.
-
-## Remarks
-
-In both configurations, if you intend to use the ATmega328P's analog-to-digital
-converter with the internal 1.1V or AV<sub>cc</sub> voltage as reference, do
-not connect AREF (pin 21) to V<sub>cc</sub>. Refer to section 23.5.2 in the
-datasheet for more information.
-