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| author | Sadeep Madurange <sadeep@asciimx.com> | 2025-12-20 11:25:26 +0800 |
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| committer | Sadeep Madurange <sadeep@asciimx.com> | 2025-12-20 11:25:26 +0800 |
| commit | 8cbe75f0047732c865f58e2f847a5ffafe066e71 (patch) | |
| tree | acd75f1a370bbdcc83db4cdaab481fb700c78db9 /_site/poc | |
| parent | 9ac8970b08550a83e9ba686d0e9357654373a047 (diff) | |
| download | www-8cbe75f0047732c865f58e2f847a5ffafe066e71.tar.gz | |
Change projects to poc and blog to log.
Diffstat (limited to '_site/poc')
43 files changed, 1227 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/_site/poc/bumblebee/bee.mp4 b/_site/poc/bumblebee/bee.mp4 Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..835600d --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/bumblebee/bee.mp4 diff --git a/_site/poc/bumblebee/index.html b/_site/poc/bumblebee/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ac52f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/bumblebee/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Bumblebee: browser automation</title> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title>Bumblebee: browser automation</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> +</head> + + + + </head> + <body> + + <div id="nav-container" class="container"> + <ul id="navlist" class="left"> + + <li > + <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/log/" class="link-decor-none">log</a> + </li> + <li class="active"> + <a href="/poc/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> + </ul> +</div> + + + + <main> + <div class="container"> + <div class="container-2"> + <h2 class="center" id="title">BUMBLEBEE: BROWSER AUTOMATION</h2> + <h6 class="center">02 APRIL 2025</h5> + <br> + <div class="twocol justify"><p>Bumblebee is a tool I built for one of my employers to automate the generation +of web scraping scripts.</p> + +<video style="max-width:100%; margin-bottom: 10px" controls="" poster="poster.png"> + <source src="bee.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> +</video> + +<p>In 2024, we were tasked with collecting market data using various methods, +including scraping data from authorized websites for traders’ use.</p> + +<p>Manual authoring of such scripts took time. The scripts were often brittle due +to the complexity of the modern web, and they lacked optimizations such as +bypassing the UI and retrieving the data files directly when possible, which +would have significantly reduced our compute costs.</p> + +<p>To alleviate these challenges, I, with the help of a colleague, Andy Zhang, +built Bumblebee: a web browser powered by C# Windows Forms, Microsoft Edge <a src="https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/webview2" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WebView2</a>, and +the <a src="https://github.com/desjarlais/Scintilla.NET" class="external" toarget="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scintilla.NET</a> text editor.</p> + +<p>Bumblebee works by injecting a custom JavaScript program that intercepts +client-side events and sends them to Bumblebee for analysis. In addition to +front-end events, Bumblebee also captures internal browser events, which it +then interprets to generate code in real time. Note that we developed Bumblebee +before the advent of now-popular LLMs. Bumblebee supports dynamic websites, +pop-ups, developer tools, live manual override, event debouncing, and filtering +hidden elements and scripts.</p> + +<p>Before settling on a desktop application, we contemplated designing Bumblebee +as a browser extension. We chose the desktop app because extensions don’t offer +the deep, event-based control we needed. Besides, the company’s security +policy, which prohibited browser extensions, would have complicated the +deployment of an extension-based solution. My first prototype used a C# binding +of the Chromium project. WebView’s more intuitive API and its seamless +integration with Windows Forms led us to choose it over the Chromium wrapper.</p> + +<p>What began as a personal side project to improve my own workflow enabled us to +collectively improve the quality of our web scripts at a much larger scale. +Bumblebee predictably reduced the time we spent on authoring scripts from hours +to a few minutes.</p> + +</div> + <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> + </div> + </div> + </main> + + <div class="footer"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> + <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + + </body> +</html> diff --git a/_site/poc/bumblebee/poster.png b/_site/poc/bumblebee/poster.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6dc955e --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/bumblebee/poster.png diff --git a/_site/poc/bumblebee/thumb_sm.png b/_site/poc/bumblebee/thumb_sm.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7cfbf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/bumblebee/thumb_sm.png diff --git a/_site/poc/e-reader/circuit.svg b/_site/poc/e-reader/circuit.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd7508b --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/e-reader/circuit.svg @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!-- Generator: Circuit Diagram, cdlibrary.dll 4.0.0.0 --> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_site/poc/e-reader/ereader.mp4 b/_site/poc/e-reader/ereader.mp4 Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..89e05eb --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/e-reader/ereader.mp4 diff --git a/_site/poc/e-reader/index.html b/_site/poc/e-reader/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f52897 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/e-reader/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Experimental e-reader</title> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title>Experimental e-reader</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> +</head> + + + + </head> + <body> + + <div id="nav-container" class="container"> + <ul id="navlist" class="left"> + + <li > + <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/log/" class="link-decor-none">log</a> + </li> + <li class="active"> + <a href="/poc/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> + </ul> +</div> + + + + <main> + <div class="container"> + <div class="container-2"> + <h2 class="center" id="title">EXPERIMENTAL E-READER</h2> + <h6 class="center">24 OCTOBER 2023</h5> + <br> + <div class="twocol justify"><p>This project features an experimental e-reader powered by an ESP-WROOM-32 +development board and a 7.5-inch <a href="https://www.waveshare.com/" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Waveshare</a> +e-paper display built with the intention of learning about e-paper displays.</p> + +<video style="max-width:100%;" controls="" poster="poster.png"> + <source src="ereader.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> +</video> + +<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2> + +<p>The prototype e-reader comprises an ESP32 microcontroller, an e-paper display +HAT, and three buttons: yellow, blue, and white for turning the page backwards, +forwards, and putting the device to sleep, respectively. The prototype does not +store books on the microcontroller. It streams books from a server over HTTP. +The e-reader employs RTC memory to record the reading progress between +sessions.</p> + +<p>The most formidable challenge when trying to build an e-reader with an ESP32 is +its limited memory and storage. My ESP-WROOM-32 has a total of 512KB of SRAM +and 4MB of flash memory, which the freeRTOS, ESP-IDF, and the e-reader +application must share. To put things into perspective, a Kindle Paperwhite has +at least 256MB of memory and 8GB of storage. That is 500x more memory than what +I’d have to work with.</p> + +<p>Despite its size, as microcontrollers go, ESP32 is a powerful system-on-a-chip +with a 160MHz dual-core processor and integrated WiFi. So, I thought it’d be +amusing to embrace the constraints and build my e-reader using a $5 MCU and the +power of C programming.</p> + +<h2 id="the-file-format">The file format</h2> + +<p>The file format dictates the complexity of the embedded software. So, I’ll +begin there. The e-reader works by downloading and rendering a rasterized +monochrome image of a page (a .ebm file).</p> + +<p>The EBM file contains a series of bitmaps, one for each page of the book. The +dimensions of each bitmap are equal to the size of the display. Each byte of +the bitmap encodes information for rendering eight pixels. For my display, +which has a resolution of 480x800, the bitmaps are laid out along 48KB +boundaries. This simple file format lends well to HTTP streaming, which is its +main advantage, as we will soon see.</p> + +<p>The pdftoebm.py script enclosed in the tarball at the end of the page converts +PDF documents to EBM files.</p> + +<h2 id="how-does-it-work">How does it work?</h2> + +<p>As the e-reader has no storage, it can’t store books locally. Instead, it +downloads pages of the EBM file over HTTP from the location pointed to by the +<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">EBM_ARCH_URL</code> setting in the Kconfig.projbuild file on demand. To read a +different book, we have to replace the old file with the new one or change the +<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">EBM_ARCH_URL</code> value. The latter requires us to recompile the embedded +software.</p> + +<p>Upon powering up, the e-reader checks the reading progress stored in the RTC +memory. It then downloads three pages (current, previous, and next) to a +circular buffer in DMA-capable memory. When the user turns a page by pressing a +button, one of the microprocessor’s two cores transfers it from the buffer to +the display over a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). The other downloads a new +page in the background. I used the ESP-IDF task API to schedule the two tasks +on different cores of the multicore processor to make the reader more +responsive.</p> + +<p>I designed the EBM format with HTTP streaming in mind. Since the pages are laid +out in the EBM file along predictable boundaries, the e-reader can request +pages by specifying the offset and the chunk size in the HTTP Range header. Any +web server will process this request without custom logic.</p> + +<h2 id="epilogue">Epilogue</h2> + +<p>My fascination with e-paper began back in 2017, when I was tasked with +installing a few displays in a car park. Having no idea how they worked, I +remember watching the languid screens refresh like a Muggle witnessing magic. +This project was born out of that enduring curiosity and love of e-paper +technology.</p> + +<p>Why did I go to the trouble of building a rudimentary e-reader when I could +easily buy a more capable commercial e-reader? First of all, it’s to prove to +myself that I can. More importantly, there’s a quiet satisfaction to reading on +hardware you built yourself. You are no longer the powerless observer watching +the magic happen from the sidelines. You become the wizard who makes the +invisible particles swirl into form by whispering C to them. There’s only one +way to experience that.</p> + +<p>Files: <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a></p> +</div> + <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> + </div> + </div> + </main> + + <div class="footer"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> + <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + + </body> +</html> diff --git a/_site/poc/e-reader/poster.png b/_site/poc/e-reader/poster.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e222d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/e-reader/poster.png diff --git a/_site/poc/e-reader/source.tar.gz b/_site/poc/e-reader/source.tar.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e343a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/e-reader/source.tar.gz diff --git a/_site/poc/e-reader/thumb_sm.png b/_site/poc/e-reader/thumb_sm.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c971e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/e-reader/thumb_sm.png diff --git a/_site/poc/etlas/circuit.svg b/_site/poc/etlas/circuit.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6255045 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/etlas/circuit.svg @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_site/poc/etlas/dash.jpg b/_site/poc/etlas/dash.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf4efc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/etlas/dash.jpg diff --git a/_site/poc/etlas/etlas_arch.png b/_site/poc/etlas/etlas_arch.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..241e9f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/etlas/etlas_arch.png diff --git a/_site/poc/etlas/index.html b/_site/poc/etlas/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2b60bd --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/etlas/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Etlas: e-paper dashboard</title> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title>Etlas: e-paper dashboard</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> +</head> + + + + </head> + <body> + + <div id="nav-container" class="container"> + <ul id="navlist" class="left"> + + <li > + <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/log/" class="link-decor-none">log</a> + </li> + <li class="active"> + <a href="/poc/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> + </ul> +</div> + + + + <main> + <div class="container"> + <div class="container-2"> + <h2 class="center" id="title">ETLAS: E-PAPER DASHBOARD</h2> + <h6 class="center">05 SEPTEMBER 2024</h5> + <br> + <div class="twocol justify"><p>Etlas is a news, stock market, and weather tracker powered by an ESP32 NodeMCU +D1, featuring a 7.5-inch <a href="https://www.waveshare.com/" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Waveshare</a> e-paper display and a +DHT22 sensor module.</p> + +<table style="border: none;"> + <tr style="border: none;"> + <td style="border: none;"><img src="dash.jpg" alt="front" style="width: 100%" /></td> + <td style="border: none;"><img src="pcb.jpg" alt="back" style="width: 100%" /></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The top-left panel shows two weeks of end-of-day prices—the maximum the ESP32’s +SRAM can hold—from the Polygon.io API. The price feed is relayed through a +FastCGI-wrapped Flask app hosted on a VPS. This lets me configure stock symbols +in its application settings. The app cycles through them as requests come in +from the ESP32. Running the Flask app as a FastCGI process while exposing it +via httpd with htpasswd authentication keeps the server code simple and secure.</p> + +<p>The following diagram outlines the Etlas’s overall system architecture.</p> + +<p><img src="etlas_arch.png" alt="architecture" /></p> + +<p>The more prominent panel on the right of the display shows local and world news +from Channel NewsAsia. The MCU downloads and parses XML data from the RSS feed +directly before rendering it to the display. The character glyphs used are +stored as bitmaps in the sprites directory. I skipped the proxy for news to +avoid writing more server code, but in hindsight it limits the feeds Etlas can +handle. I will fix this in a future version.</p> + +<p>The middle and bottom right panels display the temperature and relative +humidity from the DHT22 sensor. The DHT22 uses pulse-width modulation to +transmit data to the host. The 26µs, 50µs, and 70µs pulses are too fast for the +ESP32 to measure reliably with standard APIs. Instead, the driver compares +relative pulse widths to differentiate zeros from ones:</p> + +<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>static inline int dht_await_pin_state(int state, int timeout) +{ + int t; + static const uint16_t delta = 1; + + for (t = 0; t < timeout; t += delta) { + ets_delay_us(delta); + if (gpio_get_level(DHT_PIN) == state) + return t; + } + return 0; +} + +static inline int dht_get_raw_data(unsigned char buf[DHT_DATA_LEN]) +{ + int rc; + unsigned char i, pwl, pwh; + + gpio_set_level(DHT_PIN, 0); + ets_delay_us(1100); + gpio_set_level(DHT_PIN, 1); + + if (!dht_await_pin_state(0, 40)) { + rc = 1; + xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); + return 0; + } + if (!dht_await_pin_state(1, 80)) { + rc = 2; + xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); + return 0; + } + if (!dht_await_pin_state(0, 80)) { + rc = 3; + xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); + return 0; + } + + for (i = 0; i < DHT_DATA_LEN; i++) { + if (!(pwl = dht_await_pin_state(1, 50))) { + rc = 4; + xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); + return 0; + } + if (!(pwh = dht_await_pin_state(0, 70))) { + rc = 5; + xQueueSend(dht_evt_queue, &rc, (TickType_t) 0); + return 0; + } + buf[i] = pwh > pwl; + } + return 1; +} +</code></pre></div></div> + +<p>I ported <a href="https://github.com/Fonger/ESP8266-RTOS-DHT" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this</a> implementation from ESP8266 +to ESP32—all credit for the algorithm belongs to them.</p> + +<p>Etlas is a networked embedded system. All acquisition, processing, and +rendering of data are performed on the ESP32’s 160MHz microprocessor using less +than 512KB of SRAM. The embedded software that makes this possible is written +in C using ESP-IDF v5.2.1. The e-paper display driver is derived from Waveshare +<a href="https://github.com/waveshareteam/e-Paper" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">examples</a> for Arduino and STM32 +platforms.</p> + +<p>Etlas has been running reliably for over a year since August 2024.</p> + +<p>Files: <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a></p> +</div> + <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> + </div> + </div> + </main> + + <div class="footer"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> + <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + + </body> +</html> diff --git a/_site/poc/etlas/pcb.jpg b/_site/poc/etlas/pcb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcb40fa --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/etlas/pcb.jpg diff --git a/_site/poc/etlas/schematic.svg b/_site/poc/etlas/schematic.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3070dd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/etlas/schematic.svg @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<!-- Do not edit this file with editors other than diagrams.net --> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" width="741px" height="371px" viewBox="-0.5 -0.5 741 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_site/poc/etlas/source.tar.gz b/_site/poc/etlas/source.tar.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b12cf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/etlas/source.tar.gz diff --git a/_site/poc/etlas/thumb_sm.jpg b/_site/poc/etlas/thumb_sm.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a374879 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/etlas/thumb_sm.jpg diff --git a/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/breadboard.jpg b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/breadboard.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2bf47a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/breadboard.jpg diff --git a/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/footprint.png b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/footprint.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5511bf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/footprint.png diff --git a/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/gerber.zip b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/gerber.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..19a9d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/gerber.zip diff --git a/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/index.html b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de47c49 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Fingerprint door lock</title> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title>Fingerprint door lock</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> +</head> + + + + </head> + <body> + + <div id="nav-container" class="container"> + <ul id="navlist" class="left"> + + <li > + <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/log/" class="link-decor-none">log</a> + </li> + <li class="active"> + <a href="/poc/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> + </ul> +</div> + + + + <main> + <div class="container"> + <div class="container-2"> + <h2 class="center" id="title">FINGERPRINT DOOR LOCK</h2> + <h6 class="center">03 OCTOBER 2025</h5> + <br> + <div class="twocol justify"><p>This project features a fingerprint door lock powered by an ATmega328P +microcontroller.</p> + +<video style="max-width:100%;" controls="" poster="pcb.jpg"> + <source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> +</video> + +<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> + +<p>The lock comprises three subsystems: the ATmega328P microcontroller, an R503 +fingerprint sensor, and an FS5106B high-torque servo. The sensor mounted on the +front surface of the door enables users to unlock it from the outside. The +servo is attached to the interior door knob. The MCU must be installed at the +back of the door to prevent unauthorized users from tampering with it.</p> + +<p>When no one is interacting with the lock, the MCU is in deep sleep. The sensor +and the servo each draw 13.8mA and 4.6mA of quiescent currents. To prevent this +idle current draw, the MCU employs MOSFETs to cut off power to them before +entering deep sleep. Doing so is crucial for conserving the battery.</p> + +<p>Without power, the sensor remains in a low-power state, drawing approximately +2.9μA through a separate power rail. When a finger comes into contact with the +sensor, the sensor triggers a pin change interrupt, waking up the MCU. The MCU +activates a MOSFET, which in turn activates the sensor. Over UART, the MCU +unlocks the sensor and issues commands to scan and match the fingerprint.</p> + +<p>If the fingerprint matches an enrolled fingerprint, the MCU activates the blue +LED on the sensor, turns on the MOSFET connected to the servo, and sends a PWM +signal to the servo to unlock the door. Otherwise, the MCU activates the red +LED on the sensor. Finally, the MCU deactivates the MOSFETS and goes back to +sleep.</p> + +<h2 id="embedded-software">Embedded software</h2> + +<p>The embedded software, written in C, includes a driver for the sensor, servo +control routines, and a battery monitoring system.</p> + +<p>In addition to controlling the sensor and the servo, the program strives to +maintain precise control over the microcontroller’s sleep modes, as well as +when the peripherals are activated and for how long they remain active. I +thoroughly enjoyed writing the embedded software. There’s something magical +about being able to alter the physical world around you by uttering a few lines +of C code.</p> + +<p>The source code of the project, which includes a driver for the R503 +fingerprint sensor module, is enclosed in the tarball linked at the end of the +page.</p> + +<h2 id="the-pcb">The PCB</h2> + +<p>For this project, I designed a custom PCB and had it fabricated by JLCPCB. Like +the software, the circuit is primarily concerned with optimizing power +consumption and extending battery life.</p> + +<table style="border: none; width: 100%"> + <tr style="border: none;"> + <td style="border: none; width: 49.9%; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"> + <img src="breadboard.jpg" alt="PCB" style="width: 100%" /> + </td> + <td style="border: none; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"> + <img src="pcb1.jpg" alt="Design" style="width: 100%" /> + </td> + </tr> + <tr style="border: none;"> + <td colspan="2" style="border: none; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"> + <img src="footprint.png" alt="PCB footprint" style="width: 100%" /> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>Consequently, the principal components of the circuit are the 2N7000 and +NDP6020P field-effect transistors. They switch power electronically to the +servo and the fingerprint sensor, the two most power-hungry parts of the +circuit. The two MP1584EN buck converters play an axial role in efficiently +regulating power to the MCU and the sensor.</p> + +<p>The ATmega328P typically operates at 5V with a 16MHz crystal oscillator. To +further reduce power consumption, I modified the ATmega328P’s fuses to run at +3.3V with an 8MHz crystal oscillator.</p> + +<p>The bottom right area of the PCB isolates the power supply of the servo from +the rest of the circuit. This shields components such as the MCU from the +servo’s high current draw, which can exceed 1A. The IN4007 diode in slot U2 +serves as a flyback diode, protecting the MOSFET from reverse currents +generated by the servo.</p> + +<p>Lastly, the 56kΩ and 10kΩ resistors in slots R10 and R11 form a voltage divider +circuit. Its output is fed to the ADC of the MCU, which measures the supply +voltage by comparing it to the internal bandgap reference voltage.</p> + +<h2 id="epilogue">Epilogue</h2> + +<p>This project began nearly a year ago when I attempted to unlock our door +wirelessly by writing to the UART ports of two MCUs connected to inexpensive +433MHz RF transceivers. Although I failed, it led me down a rabbit hole of RF +communications, MOSFETs, PCB design, and low-power circuits.</p> + +<p>During the project, I reinvented the wheel many times. I implemented a +low-level network stack using only RF modules and an 8-bit microcontroller, +designed my first PCB, and developed drivers from scratch. The project was far +from a smooth sail. Bad electrical connections, soldering, desoldering, and the +heartache of purchasing the wrong parts were routine. It was a long but +rewarding journey from the messy breadboard to the shiny PCB.</p> + +<p>Files: <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a>, <a href="gerber.zip">gerber.zip</a></p> +</div> + <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> + </div> + </div> + </main> + + <div class="footer"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> + <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + + </body> +</html> diff --git a/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/pcb.jpg b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/pcb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbd800b --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/pcb.jpg diff --git a/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/pcb1.jpg b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/pcb1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..367187d --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/pcb1.jpg diff --git a/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/source.tar.gz b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/source.tar.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef23422 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/source.tar.gz diff --git a/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/thumb_sm.jpg b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/thumb_sm.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8fa534 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/thumb_sm.jpg diff --git a/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/video.mp4 b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/video.mp4 Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a907a9b --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/fpm-door-lock/video.mp4 diff --git a/_site/poc/index.html b/_site/poc/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62b5b75 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +<!doctype html> +<html lang="en-us"> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title>Projects</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> +</head> + + + + <body> + + <div id="nav-container" class="container"> + <ul id="navlist" class="left"> + + <li > + <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/log/" class="link-decor-none">log</a> + </li> + <li class="active"> + <a href="/poc/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> + </ul> +</div> + + + + <main class="container" id="main"><div class="container"> + <h2>Projects</h2> + <table> + + + + <tr> + + + <td class="project-item"> + + <a href="e-reader" class="link-decor-none"> + <img src="e-reader/thumb_sm.png" alt="Experimental e-reader"> + <h5>Experimental e-reader</h5> + </a> + </td> + + <td class="project-item"> + + <a href="matrix-digital-rain" class="link-decor-none"> + <img src="matrix-digital-rain/thumb_sm.png" alt="The Matrix digital rain"> + <h5>The Matrix digital rain</h5> + </a> + </td> + + </tr> + + <tr> + + + <td class="project-item"> + + <a href="etlas" class="link-decor-none"> + <img src="etlas/thumb_sm.jpg" alt="Etlas: e-paper dashboard"> + <h5>Etlas: e-paper dashboard</h5> + </a> + </td> + + <td class="project-item"> + + <a href="bumblebee" class="link-decor-none"> + <img src="bumblebee/thumb_sm.png" alt="Bumblebee: browser automation"> + <h5>Bumblebee: browser automation</h5> + </a> + </td> + + </tr> + + <tr> + + + <td class="project-item"> + + <a href="my-first-pcb" class="link-decor-none"> + <img src="my-first-pcb/thumb_sm.jpeg" alt="My first PCB"> + <h5>My first PCB</h5> + </a> + </td> + + <td class="project-item"> + + <a href="fpm-door-lock" class="link-decor-none"> + <img src="fpm-door-lock/thumb_sm.jpg" alt="Fingerprint door lock"> + <h5>Fingerprint door lock</h5> + </a> + </td> + + </tr> + + </table> +</div> +</main> + + <div class="footer"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> + <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + + </body> +</html> diff --git a/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/index.html b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfcc274 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>The Matrix digital rain</title> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title>The Matrix digital rain</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> +</head> + + + + </head> + <body> + + <div id="nav-container" class="container"> + <ul id="navlist" class="left"> + + <li > + <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/log/" class="link-decor-none">log</a> + </li> + <li class="active"> + <a href="/poc/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> + </ul> +</div> + + + + <main> + <div class="container"> + <div class="container-2"> + <h2 class="center" id="title">THE MATRIX DIGITAL RAIN</h2> + <h6 class="center">12 JANUARY 2024</h5> + <br> + <div class="twocol justify"><p>“All I see is blonde, brunette, red head.” The iconic digital rain from The +Matrix in C, with zero dependencies—not even ncurses.</p> + +<video style="max-width:100%;" controls="" poster="poster.png"> + <source src="matrix.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> +</video> + +<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> + +<p>This is my fork of Domsson’s beautiful <a href="https://github.com/domsson/fakesteak" class="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fakesteak</a>. While going through his code, I +wondered what it would take to faithfully recreate the original Matrix from the +first movie without sacrificing its minimalism.</p> + +<p>My implementation supports:</p> + +<ul> + <li>Unicode characters.</li> + <li>24-bit RGB colors (truecolor).</li> + <li>Glitches in the matrix.</li> + <li>Ghosting effect of old monochrome CRT displays.</li> + <li>Closely resembles the Matrix seen in the background during Neo and Cypher’s +conversation.</li> +</ul> + +<p>With no dependencies, compilation is trivial:</p> + +<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>$ cc -O3 main.c -o matrix +$ ./matrix +</code></pre></div></div> + +<h2 id="how-does-it-work">How does it work?</h2> + +<p>The program tracks the state of the terminal, such as code points, background +and foreground colors, and cursor position, using multiple internal data +buffers. On each frame, it updates these buffers and repaints the screen using +ANSI escape codes:</p> + +<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>static void term_print(const matrix *mat, size_t row, size_t col) +{ + size_t idx; + idx = mat_idx(mat, row, col); + wprintf(L"\x1b[%d;%dH\x1b[38;2;%d;%d;%dm%lc", + row, col, + mat->rgb[idx].color[R], + mat->rgb[idx].color[G], + mat->rgb[idx].color[B], + mat->code[idx]); +} +</code></pre></div></div> + +<p>The ghosting effect is achieved by carefully scaling the RGB +channels before mixing them:</p> + +<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>static void mat_shade(matrix *mat, size_t row, size_t col) +{ + unsigned char *color; + color = mat->rgb[mat_idx(mat, row, col)].color; + color[R] = color[R] - (color[R] - COLOR_BG_RED) / 2; + color[G] = color[G] - (color[G] - COLOR_BG_GRN) / 2; + color[B] = color[B] - (color[B] - COLOR_BG_BLU) / 2; +} +</code></pre></div></div> + +<p>The ghosting function emulates the dim after glow by gradually transitioning +each raindrop’s color towards the background color. This approach provides two +key benefits: straightforward color configuration that integrates naturally +with (Unix) ricing and high-fidelity recreation of the Matrix aesthetic.</p> + +<h2 id="customization">Customization</h2> + +<p>While you can alter almost every aspect, including speed, glitch frequency, and +rain density, the most common customizations are the color scheme and character +set.</p> + +<p>There are three color settings: head, tail, and background. You can configure +them using <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">COLOR_*_RED</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">COLOR_*_GRN</code>, and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">COLOR_*_BLU</code> definitions found in +main.c.</p> + +<p>The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">UNICODE_MIN</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">UNICODE_MAX</code> values control the Unicode block used. For +example, setting them to <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0x30A1</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0x30F6</code> rains Katakana, if a font that +supports Katakana is present on the system:</p> + +<p><img style="width: 100%;" src="katakana.png" /></p> + +<p>Files: <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a></p> +</div> + <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> + </div> + </div> + </main> + + <div class="footer"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> + <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + + </body> +</html> diff --git a/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/katakana.png b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/katakana.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9df873 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/katakana.png diff --git a/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/matrix.mp4 b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/matrix.mp4 Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..84a9839 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/matrix.mp4 diff --git a/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/poster.png b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/poster.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0321ad3 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/poster.png diff --git a/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/source.tar.gz b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/source.tar.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fead280 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/source.tar.gz diff --git a/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/thumb_sm.png b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/thumb_sm.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3f06c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/matrix-digital-rain/thumb_sm.png diff --git a/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/back.jpeg b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/back.jpeg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f458e69 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/back.jpeg diff --git a/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/back_design.jpeg b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/back_design.jpeg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6c0f5d --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/back_design.jpeg diff --git a/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/front.jpeg b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/front.jpeg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b2931f --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/front.jpeg diff --git a/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/front_design.jpeg b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/front_design.jpeg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f81f09c --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/front_design.jpeg diff --git a/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/gerber_back.zip b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/gerber_back.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..26659ad --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/gerber_back.zip diff --git a/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/gerber_front.zip b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/gerber_front.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..864334e --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/gerber_front.zip diff --git a/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/index.html b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55dc58d --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>My first PCB</title> + + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <title>My first PCB</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/main.css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/skeleton.css"> +</head> + + + + </head> + <body> + + <div id="nav-container" class="container"> + <ul id="navlist" class="left"> + + <li > + <a href="/" class="link-decor-none">hme</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/log/" class="link-decor-none">log</a> + </li> + <li class="active"> + <a href="/poc/" class="link-decor-none">poc</a> + </li> + <li > + <a href="/about/" class="link-decor-none">abt</a> + </li> + <li><a href="/feed.xml" class="link-decor-none">rss</a></li> + </ul> +</div> + + + + <main> + <div class="container"> + <div class="container-2"> + <h2 class="center" id="title">MY FIRST PCB</h2> + <h6 class="center">14 JULY 2025</h5> + <br> + <div class="twocol justify"><p>In 2023, I started tinkering with DIY electronics as a hobby. Until now, I’ve +been using development boards like the Arduino Uno and ESP-32-WROOM so that I +can focus on the software. Recently, I decided to step outside of my comfort +zone and design a PCB from scratch for a door lock I’m working on.</p> + +<p>The lock comprises two subsystems: a fingerprint sensor in front of the door +and a servo connected to the physical lock behind the door. The fingerprint +sensor authenticates the person and signals the servo behind the door to unlock +the door over an encrypted RF channel.</p> + +<table style="border: none; width: 100%"> + <tr style="border: none;"> + <td style="border: none; width: 49.5%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> + <img src="front_design.jpeg" alt="Design (front)" style="width: 100%" /> + <p>Footprint (front)</p> + </td> + <td style="border: none; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> + <img src="front.jpeg" alt="PCB (front)" style="width: 100%" /> + <p>PCB (front)</p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr style="border: none;"> + <td style="border: none; width: 49.5%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> + <img src="back_design.jpeg" alt="Design (back)" style="width: 100%" /> + <p>Footprint (back)</p> + </td> + <td style="border: none; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> + <img src="back.jpeg" alt="PCB (back)" style="width: 100%" /> + <p>PCB (back)</p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The PCBs have two layers. A copper region serves as the ground plane. The 0.3mm +wide 1oz/ft<sup>2</sup> copper traces can carry up to 500mA (the tracks +connecting the power source and the linear regulators have a width of 0.5mm). +Both subsystems were functional. I was able to control the servo reliably using +the fingerprint sensor.</p> + +<p>The designs aren’t without flaws, however. The main shortcoming of the circuits +is that they draw significant amounts of quiescent currents despite employing +sleep modes. The linear regulators were a poor choice as they dissipate too +much heat. The fingerprint sensor and the servo draw 13.8mA (3.3V) and 4.6mA +(5V) respectively, as long as they are connected to the power supply.</p> + +<p>Although the circuit didn’t draw more than 200mA without a load, the servo +under load could draw up to 600mA. I’m sailing too close to the wind with 0.3mm +copper traces. Instead, 0.4mm wide 2oz/ft<sup>2</sup> traces would have been +safer.</p> + +<p>I’m working on improving the design to reduce idle current consumption and +extend the battery life. Despite its deficiencies, this was my first PCB +design, and I’m glad that it worked as well as it did. Custom PCB design marks +an important milestone in my DIY electronics journey.</p> + +<p>Files: <a href="gerber_back.zip">gerber_back.zip</a>, <a href="gerber_front.zip">gerber_front.zip</a>, + <a href="source.tar.gz">source.tar.gz</a></p> +</div> + <p class="post-author right">by W. D. Sadeep Madurange</p> + </div> + </div> + </main> + + <div class="footer"> + <div class="container"> + <div class="twelve columns right container-2"> + <p id="footer-text">© ASCIIMX - 2025</p> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + + </body> +</html> diff --git a/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/source.tar.gz b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/source.tar.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c31aa22 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/source.tar.gz diff --git a/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/thumb_sm.jpeg b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/thumb_sm.jpeg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c275b12 --- /dev/null +++ b/_site/poc/my-first-pcb/thumb_sm.jpeg |
